Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

16. The Endocrine System

Membrane Bound Receptors and Secondary Messengers

Anatomy & Physiology

16. The Endocrine System

Membrane Bound Receptors and Secondary Messengers

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Multiple Choice

Where do second messengers typically relay signals within a cell?

On the cell membrane surface

Inside the nucleus

Within the cytoplasm

In the extracellular matrix

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the role of second messengers: Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, amplifying the signal and initiating a physiological response.

Identify the location of second messengers: Second messengers typically operate within the cytoplasm of the cell. They are not confined to the cell membrane surface or the nucleus, but rather move freely within the cytoplasm to transmit signals.

Explore examples of second messengers: Common second messengers include cyclic AMP (cAMP), calcium ions (Ca²⁺), and inositol triphosphate (IP₃). These molecules are involved in various signaling pathways and are crucial for cellular communication.

Consider the signaling pathway: When a signal is received at the cell membrane, it activates a receptor, which then triggers the production or release of second messengers within the cytoplasm. These messengers then interact with other proteins or enzymes to propagate the signal.

Review the function of second messengers: Second messengers play a key role in processes such as metabolism, gene expression, and cell growth. By understanding their function and location, you can better appreciate how cells respond to external signals.