Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

16. The Endocrine System

Membrane Bound Receptors and Secondary Messengers

Anatomy & Physiology

16. The Endocrine System

Membrane Bound Receptors and Secondary Messengers

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Multiple Choice

Where do diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) originate in the cell signaling pathway?

From the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on receptor tyrosine kinases

From the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phospholipase C

From the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP by adenylyl cyclase

From the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context: Diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) are second messengers in cell signaling pathways, which are crucial for transmitting signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.

Identify the key enzyme: Phospholipase C is the enzyme responsible for the production of DAG and IP3. It plays a pivotal role in the signaling pathway by acting on specific phospholipids in the cell membrane.

Recognize the substrate: Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is the substrate for phospholipase C. It is a phospholipid found in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.

Describe the reaction: Phospholipase C hydrolyzes PIP2, which means it cleaves the molecule into two distinct products: diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). This reaction is a key step in the signaling cascade.

Summarize the origin: DAG and IP3 originate from the hydrolysis of PIP2 by phospholipase C, not from phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, or breakdown of glycogen.