Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?
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21. The Immune System
Classes of Antibodies
2:49 minutesProblem 20
Textbook Question
Describe the specific roles of helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells in normal cellular immunity.
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Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) play a central role in cellular immunity by activating other immune cells. They release cytokines to stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, activate cytotoxic T cells, and recruit macrophages to destroy pathogens.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are responsible for maintaining immune system balance. They suppress excessive immune responses to prevent autoimmune diseases and ensure tolerance to self-antigens.
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) directly attack and destroy infected or abnormal cells, such as virus-infected cells or cancer cells. They use perforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells.
Helper T cells also assist in the differentiation of naive T cells into effector T cells, ensuring the immune response is tailored to the specific pathogen encountered.
Regulatory T cells help terminate immune responses once the pathogen is cleared, preventing unnecessary tissue damage and promoting immune homeostasis.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Helper T Cells
Helper T cells, also known as CD4+ T cells, play a crucial role in the immune response by activating and directing other immune cells. They release cytokines that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and enhance the activity of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages. This coordination is essential for a robust and effective immune response against pathogens.
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Regulatory T Cells
Regulatory T cells, or Tregs, are vital for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune responses. They help modulate the immune system by suppressing excessive immune reactions and ensuring that the immune response is appropriately balanced. This function is critical for protecting the body from attacking its own tissues while still responding to foreign invaders.
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Cytotoxic T Cells
Cytotoxic T cells, also known as CD8+ T cells, are responsible for directly killing infected or cancerous cells. They recognize specific antigens presented by infected cells and release perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis in these target cells. This targeted destruction is essential for controlling infections and eliminating tumor cells, making cytotoxic T cells a key component of cellular immunity.
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