Multiple Choice
The antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are known as which type of effects?
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14. The Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Multiple Choice
How does the body prolong the effects of the sympathetic nervous system during shock?
A
By increasing parasympathetic nerve activity
B
By stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas
C
By decreasing heart rate and blood pressure
D
By releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS): The SNS is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, which prepares the body to respond to stress or danger. During shock, the SNS is activated to maintain blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs.
Recognize the role of the adrenal medulla: The adrenal medulla is a part of the adrenal glands located above the kidneys. It plays a key role in the SNS by releasing hormones that amplify its effects.
Identify the hormones involved: The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These hormones act as chemical messengers to prolong and enhance the effects of the SNS during shock.
Understand the physiological effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: These hormones increase heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure, while also redirecting blood flow to essential organs like the brain and heart. They also mobilize energy stores to ensure the body has sufficient resources to respond to stress.
Connect the mechanism to the problem: During shock, the body prolongs the effects of the SNS by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla. This mechanism ensures that the body can maintain vital functions and respond effectively to the stress of shock.
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