Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

23. The Digestive System

The Gallbladder

Anatomy & Physiology

23. The Digestive System

The Gallbladder

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Problem L3.1c

Textbook Question

Mr. Williams presents to your clinic with a complaint of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. He says that the pain worsens when he eats, particularly when he eats fatty meals. He has noticed that his stool has been an unusual clay color recently. You perform an ultrasound of his abdomen and find that gallstones are blocking his common bile duct, preventing bile from entering the duodenum.
Explain why his feces have become a clay color instead of a normal brown color.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the role of bile in digestion: Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It contains bile pigments, such as bilirubin, which are derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Bilirubin is responsible for giving feces their normal brown color after being metabolized in the intestines.

Identify the function of the common bile duct: The common bile duct is the pathway through which bile travels from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). This allows bile to mix with food and aid in the digestion of fats.

Recognize the impact of gallstones blocking the common bile duct: When gallstones obstruct the common bile duct, bile cannot flow into the duodenum. This prevents bile pigments, including bilirubin, from being excreted into the intestines.

Explain the absence of bilirubin in the intestines: Without bilirubin entering the intestines, it cannot be metabolized into stercobilin, the compound that gives feces their brown color. As a result, the feces take on a pale or clay-like appearance.

Connect the symptoms to the diagnosis: The clay-colored stool is a direct result of the bile duct obstruction caused by gallstones. This symptom, along with the abdominal pain and worsening symptoms after fatty meals, is consistent with a diagnosis of gallstone-related bile duct blockage.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Bile Production and Function

Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, essential for the emulsification and digestion of fats. It contains bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol. When food, especially fatty meals, enters the duodenum, bile is released to aid in digestion. If bile flow is obstructed, as in Mr. Williams' case, the digestion of fats is impaired, leading to changes in stool color.

Bilirubin Metabolism

Bilirubin is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells and is normally processed by the liver, where it is conjugated and excreted into bile. This conjugated bilirubin contributes to the brown color of normal feces. When bile flow is obstructed, bilirubin cannot reach the intestines, leading to a decrease in its presence in the stool, which can result in a clay-colored appearance.

Effects of Obstruction in the Biliary System

Obstruction in the biliary system, such as from gallstones blocking the common bile duct, prevents bile from entering the duodenum. This obstruction not only affects fat digestion but also alters the normal color of feces. Without bile, the stool lacks the pigments that give it a brown color, resulting in a pale or clay-colored appearance, as seen in Mr. Williams' case.