Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Electron Transport Chain

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Electron Transport Chain

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Multiple Choice

How does the proton gradient facilitate ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during chemiosmosis?

The proton gradient allows ATP synthase to transport ATP across the mitochondrial membrane.

The proton gradient directly provides the energy needed for ATP synthase to convert ADP to ATP.

The proton gradient causes ATP synthase to release ATP from the mitochondrial matrix.

The proton gradient inhibits ATP synthase activity, preventing ATP production.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of chemiosmosis: Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. In mitochondria, this process is crucial for ATP production during cellular respiration.

Identify the role of the proton gradient: The proton gradient is established across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the electron transport chain. As electrons move through the chain, protons (H+) are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a high concentration of protons outside the matrix.

Recognize the function of ATP synthase: ATP synthase is an enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It uses the energy from the flow of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) into ATP.

Explain how the proton gradient facilitates ATP synthesis: The proton gradient creates a potential energy difference across the membrane. As protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, this energy is harnessed to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.

Clarify the misconception: The proton gradient does not transport ATP across the membrane nor inhibit ATP synthase. Instead, it provides the necessary energy for ATP synthase to function, enabling the production of ATP.