Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter

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1:51 minutes

Problem 1b

Textbook Question

An oxygen atom has eight protons.
(b) How many more electrons will it take to fill the outermost energy level?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the structure of an oxygen atom. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning it has 8 protons in its nucleus and, in a neutral state, it also has 8 electrons distributed across its energy levels.

Step 2: Recall the electron configuration rules. Electrons fill energy levels (or shells) in a specific order: the first energy level can hold up to 2 electrons, and the second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons.

Step 3: Determine the electron configuration of oxygen. The first energy level will be filled with 2 electrons, leaving 6 electrons to occupy the second energy level.

Step 4: Analyze the second energy level. Since the second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons, and oxygen has only 6 electrons in this level, it needs additional electrons to complete the shell.

Step 5: Calculate the number of electrons needed to fill the outermost energy level. Subtract the number of electrons currently in the second energy level (6) from the maximum capacity of the second energy level (8).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Atomic Structure

An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus, while electrons are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus in energy levels or shells. The number of protons determines the element's identity, and in a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons.

Electron Configuration

Electron configuration refers to the distribution of electrons in an atom's energy levels. The outermost energy level, or valence shell, is crucial for determining an atom's chemical properties and reactivity. For oxygen, which has six electrons in its outer shell, understanding how many more electrons are needed to achieve a full outer shell is essential for predicting its bonding behavior.

Valence Electrons

Valence electrons are the electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom and are responsible for chemical bonding. For oxygen, which has six valence electrons, it requires two additional electrons to complete its outer shell, achieving a stable octet configuration. This concept is fundamental in understanding how atoms interact and form compounds.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Pick out the correct match(es) of element and number of valence electrons. Draw a planetary model of each atom to help you choose the best answer.

a. Oxygen—6

b. Chlorine—8

c. Phosphorus—5

d. Nitrogen—3

e. Carbon—4

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Textbook Question

Define radioactivity. If an element has three isotopes, which of them (the lightest, the one with an intermediate mass, or the heaviest) is most likely to be a radioisotope, and why?

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Textbook Question

Define molecule as it relates to molecular substances and compounds.

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Textbook Question

A substance containing atoms of different elements that are bonded together is called a(n)

(a) Molecule

(b) Compound

(d) Isotope

(e) Solution

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Textbook Question