22. The Respiratory System

As a result of a stroke, Mrs. Minnick's swallowing is uncoordinated. What detrimental effect might this have on her ability to breathe?

Cary hyperventilates for several minutes before diving into a swimming pool. After he enters and begins swimming underwater, he blacks out and almost drowns. What caused this to happen?

The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiration. What happens, in terms of volume and pressure changes in the lungs, when these muscles contract?

Differentiate clearly between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation rate

Which provides a more accurate measure of ventilatory efficiency, and why?

What is the significance of

(a) Boyle's law, to the process of respiration?

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

(a) Exhalation occurs.

(b) Intrapulmonary pressure increases.

(c) Intrapleural pressure decreases.

(d) The volume of the lungs decreases.

(e) The size of the thoracic cavity increases.

Which of the following does not affect the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange?

a. The surface area of the respiratory membrane

b. The degree of match of ventilation to perfusion

c. The percent saturation of hemoglobin

d. The thickness of the respiratory membrane