Textbook Question
Name two endocrine-producing glands (or regions) that are important in the stress response, and explain why they are important.
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Ch. 9 The Endocrine System
Marieb13th EditionEssentials of Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780135624340
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation23
- Ch. 2 Basic Chemistry22
- Ch. 3 Cells and Tissues20
- Ch. 4 Skin and Body Membranes13
- Ch. 5 The Skeletal System38
- Ch. 6 The Muscular System26
- Ch. 7 The Nervous System26
- Ch. 8 Special Senses12
- Ch. 9 The Endocrine System24
- Ch. 10 Blood22
- Ch. 11 Cardiovascular System29
- Ch. 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses21
- Ch. 13 The Respiratory System7
- Ch. 14 The Digestive System and Body Metabolism13
- Ch. 15 The Urinary System23
- Ch. 16 The Reproductive System15
Marieb13th EditionEssentials of Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780135624340Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 9, Problem 17
Name three hormone antagonists of insulin and one of PTH.
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the role of insulin. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and stimulating glycogen synthesis.
Step 2: Identify hormones that counteract insulin's effects. These hormones are called insulin antagonists because they increase blood glucose levels by opposing insulin's actions.
Step 3: Learn about three key insulin antagonists: (1) Glucagon, which is secreted by the pancreas and raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver, (2) Epinephrine (adrenaline), which is secreted by the adrenal medulla and increases blood glucose during stress by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and (3) Cortisol, a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex that raises blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis and reducing glucose uptake by cells.
Step 4: Understand the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is secreted by the parathyroid glands and increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting activation of vitamin D.
Step 5: Identify one antagonist of PTH. Calcitonin, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, opposes PTH by lowering blood calcium levels through inhibition of bone resorption and increasing calcium deposition in bones.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Insulin Antagonists
Insulin antagonists are hormones that counteract the effects of insulin, which is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels. Key examples include glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol. These hormones increase blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and inhibiting glucose uptake in tissues, thus maintaining energy balance during stress or fasting.
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Muscle Actions
Glucagon
Glucagon is a peptide hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. This action raises blood sugar levels, making glucagon a primary antagonist of insulin, especially during periods of low blood sugar.
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Antagonist
The primary antagonist of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is calcitonin, which is produced by the thyroid gland. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity in bones and reducing renal tubular reabsorption of calcium. This antagonistic relationship helps maintain calcium homeostasis in the body, counteracting the effects of PTH, which raises blood calcium levels.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The parents of 14-year-old Megan are concerned about her height because she is only 4 feet tall and they are both close to 6 feet tall. After tests by their doctor, certain hormones are prescribed for the girl. What is the probable diagnosis? What hormones are prescribed, and why might the girl expect to reach normal height?
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Textbook Question
Describe the body location of each of the following endocrine organs: anterior pituitary, pineal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes. Then, for each organ, name its hormones and their effect(s) on body processes. Finally, for each hormone, list the important results of its hypersecretion or hyposecretion.
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Textbook Question
Two hormones are closely involved in the regulation of the fluid and electrolyte balance of the body. Name them, and explain their effects on their common target organ.
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Textbook Question
The anterior pituitary is often referred to as the master endocrine gland, but it too has a 'master.' What controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary?
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Textbook Question
Mr. Flores brings his wife to the clinic, concerned about her nervousness, heart palpitations, and excessive sweating. Tests show hyperglycemia and hypertension. What hormones are probably being hypersecreted? What is the cause? What physical factors allow you to rule out thyroid problems?
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