Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biochemistry4h 34m
2. Water3h 23m
3. Amino Acids8h 10m
4. Protein Structure10h 4m
5. Protein Techniques14h 5m
6. Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics13h 38m
7. Enzyme Inhibition and Regulation 8h 42m
8. Protein Function 9h 41m
9. Carbohydrates7h 49m
10. Lipids5h 49m
11. Biological Membranes and Transport 6h 37m
12. Biosignaling9h 45m
Review 1: Nucleic Acids, Lipids, & Membranes2h 47m
Review 2: Biosignaling, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, & PP-Pathway3h 12m
Review 3: Pyruvate & Fatty Acid Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, & Glycogen Metabolism2h 26m
Review 4: Amino Acid Oxidation, Oxidative Phosphorylation, & Photophosphorylation1h 48m

1. Introduction to Biochemistry

Nucleic Acids

Biochemistry

1. Introduction to Biochemistry

Nucleic Acids

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Multiple Choice

How are the nucleotides in a single polynucleotide chain linked together?

By hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

By glycosidic bonds between the sugar and the base

By phosphodiester bonds between the 3'-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5'-phosphate group of the next

By peptide bonds between adjacent nucleotides

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structure of a nucleotide: A nucleotide consists of three components—a phosphate group, a sugar (pentose), and a nitrogenous base. The sugar is either ribose (in RNA) or deoxyribose (in DNA).

Learn how nucleotides are linked: Nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain are connected by phosphodiester bonds. These bonds form between the 3'-hydroxyl group (-OH) of the sugar in one nucleotide and the 5'-phosphate group (-PO4) of the sugar in the next nucleotide.

Visualize the reaction: During the formation of a phosphodiester bond, a condensation reaction occurs, where a molecule of water is released as the bond forms between the hydroxyl group and the phosphate group.

Understand the directionality: The polynucleotide chain has a specific directionality, with a 5' end (free phosphate group) and a 3' end (free hydroxyl group). This directionality is crucial for processes like DNA replication and transcription.

Clarify the incorrect options: Hydrogen bonds occur between complementary bases in double-stranded DNA, glycosidic bonds connect the sugar and base within a single nucleotide, and peptide bonds are found in proteins, not nucleotides.