Multiple Choice
In the small intestine, the aggregate lymphoid nodules are called:
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10. Cell Signaling
Introduction to Cell Signaling
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Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________.
A
binding to intracellular receptors and regulating gene expression
B
stimulating second messenger production at the plasma membrane
C
phosphorylating target proteins directly in the cytoplasm
D
activating G protein-coupled receptors on the cell membrane
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the nature of steroid hormones: Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble molecules derived from cholesterol. Their lipid solubility allows them to pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
Recognize the mechanism of action for steroid hormones: Since they are lipid-soluble, steroid hormones typically bind to intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell.
Learn the role of the hormone-receptor complex: Once the steroid hormone binds to its receptor, the hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, directly influencing gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences in the nucleus.
Differentiate this mechanism from other signaling pathways: Unlike peptide hormones, which often act through second messengers or G protein-coupled receptors on the cell membrane, steroid hormones act directly on gene expression without involving these intermediate steps.
Conclude that the correct answer is 'binding to intracellular receptors and regulating gene expression,' as this describes the unique mechanism of steroid hormones compared to other types of hormones.
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