47. Muscle Systems

Complete this concept map on animal movement.

Which of the following statements regarding control of muscle tissue is/are correct? Select True or False for each statement.

T/F All skeletal muscles are voluntary.

T/F Cardiac muscle is involuntary.

T/F Some smooth muscle tissues are voluntary, and others are involuntary.

T/F Parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons innervate skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues.

A human's internal organs are protected mainly by the

a. Hydrostatic skeleton.

b. Axial skeleton.

c. Exoskeleton.

d. Appendicular skeleton.

In muscle cells, myosin molecules continue moving along actin molecules as long as:

a. ATP is present and troponin is not bound to Ca²⁺.

b. ADP is present and tropomyosin is released from intracellular stores.

c. ADP is present and the intracellular acetylcholine level is high.

d. ATP is present and the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration is high.

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

a. Break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP

b. Bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed

c. Transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber

d. Spread action potentials through the T tubules

Arm muscles and leg muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs. How does this affect their functioning?

a. It provides a backup if one of the muscles is injured.

b. One muscle of the pair pushes while the other pulls.

c. A single motor neuron can control both of them.

d. It allows the muscles to produce opposing movements.

Which of the following is critical to the function of most exoskeletons, endoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons?

a. Muscles interact with the skeleton in antagonistic groups.

b. Muscles attach to each of these types of skeletons via tendons.

c. Muscles extend joints by pushing skeletal elements.

d. Segments of the body or limbs are extended when paired muscles relax in unison.