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Ch. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
Taylor - Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections 10th Edition
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783Not the one you use?Change textbook
All textbooksTaylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan 10th EditionCh. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate DiversityProblem 17
Chapter 19, Problem 17

Anthropologists are interested in locating areas in Africa where fossils 4–8 million years old might be found. Why?

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Understand the significance of the time period: The time frame of 4–8 million years ago is crucial because it marks a pivotal period in human evolution. This is when many scientists believe that the earliest hominins, or human ancestors, began to diverge from other primates.
Recognize the importance of fossils: Fossils from this period can provide critical insights into the physical characteristics, environments, and behaviors of early human ancestors. These fossils help anthropologists understand how early hominins adapted to their environments, what they ate, and how they moved.
Identify the relevance of Africa: Africa is widely considered the 'cradle of humankind' because it has yielded some of the oldest and most complete fossils of early humans. The continent's diverse climates and ecological systems provide a rich archive of evolutionary history.
Connect the dots between fossil locations and evolutionary theories: By locating and studying fossils from 4–8 million years ago in Africa, anthropologists can test and refine their theories about human evolution. Each new discovery has the potential to reshape our understanding of how modern humans evolved.
Highlight the interdisciplinary approach: Finding and analyzing these fossils involves a combination of geology, biology, and anthropology. Understanding the geological context helps researchers determine the age of the fossils, while biological studies can reveal details about the diet and health of these early humans.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Fossil Record

The fossil record is a historical archive of biological life on Earth, preserved in sedimentary rocks. It provides crucial evidence of the evolution of species over millions of years, including the emergence of hominins. By studying fossils, anthropologists can trace the physical and behavioral changes in early human ancestors, which is essential for understanding human evolution.
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Hominin Evolution

Hominin evolution refers to the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of modern humans and their ancestors. This period, particularly between 4 to 8 million years ago, is significant as it marks the divergence of the human lineage from other primates. Understanding this evolution helps anthropologists identify key adaptations, such as bipedalism and tool use, that shaped human development.
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Geological Context

The geological context involves understanding the age, formation, and location of rock layers where fossils are found. Different geological strata can provide insights into the environmental conditions of the past, which are crucial for interpreting the habitat and lifestyle of ancient species. Identifying areas in Africa with the right geological conditions helps anthropologists locate potential fossil sites that could yield important discoveries.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Summarize the hypotheses that explain variation in human skin color as adaptations to variation in UV radiation.
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A good scientific hypothesis is based on existing evidence and leads to testable predictions. What hypothesis did the paleontologists who discovered Tiktaalik test? What evidence did they use to predict where they would find fossils of transitional forms?

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Explain some of the reasons why the human species has been able to expand in number and distribution to a greater extent than most other animals.
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By measuring the fossil remains of Homo floresiensis, scientists have estimated its weight to be around 32.5 kg and its brain volume to be roughly 420 cm3. Plot these values on the graph in Figure 19.13A. Which hominin has the most similar relationship of brain volume to body mass? Does this information support the hypothesis that H. floresiensis is a dwarf form of H. erectus, or an alternative hypothesis? Explain.

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