51–52. {Use of Tech} Arc length of polar curves Find the approximate length of the following curves.
The limaçon r=3−6cosθ

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Recall the formula for the arc length \( L \) of a polar curve \( r = f(\theta) \) from \( \theta = a \) to \( \theta = b \): \[ L = \int_{a}^{b} \sqrt{r(\theta)^2 + \left(\frac{dr}{d\theta}\right)^2} \, d\theta \]

Identify the given polar function: \( r(\theta) = 3 - 6 \cos \theta \). Next, compute its derivative with respect to \( \theta \): \[ \frac{dr}{d\theta} = 6 \sin \theta \]

Determine the interval for \( \theta \) over which to find the arc length. Since the limaçon is typically traced once as \( \theta \) goes from \( 0 \) to \( 2\pi \), set the limits of integration as \( a = 0 \) and \( b = 2\pi \).

Substitute \( r(\theta) \) and \( \frac{dr}{d\theta} \) into the arc length formula: \[ L = \int_{0}^{2\pi} \sqrt{(3 - 6 \cos \theta)^2 + (6 \sin \theta)^2} \, d\theta \]

Simplify the expression inside the square root if possible, then use a suitable numerical method or technology (such as a graphing calculator or software) to approximate the value of the integral, which gives the length of the limaçon.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Polar Coordinates and Polar Curves

Polar coordinates represent points in the plane using a radius and an angle (r, θ). Polar curves are defined by equations relating r and θ, such as r = 3 - 6 cos θ. Understanding how to interpret and plot these curves is essential for analyzing their properties, including length.

Arc Length Formula for Polar Curves

The arc length of a polar curve r(θ) from θ = a to θ = b is given by the integral ∫ from a to b of √[r(θ)² + (dr/dθ)²] dθ. This formula combines the radius and its rate of change to measure the curve's length accurately.

Differentiation of Polar Functions

To apply the arc length formula, you must differentiate the polar function r(θ) with respect to θ. This involves using standard differentiation rules to find dr/dθ, which is crucial for evaluating the integral that gives the curve's length.

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Textbook Question

44–49. Areas of regions Find the area of the following regions.

The region inside the limaçon r=2+cosθ and outside the circle r=2

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Textbook Question

Polar conversion Write the equation r ² +r(2sinθ−6cosθ)=0 in Cartesian coordinates and identify the corresponding curve.

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Textbook Question