Which compound in each of the following pairs is more covalent?

(a) PCl₃ or AlF₃

In the following pictures of binary hydrides, ivory spheres

represent H atoms or ions, and burgundy spheres represent

atoms or ions of the other element.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(a) Identify each binary hydride as ionic, covalent, or interstitial.

(b) What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in compounds (1), (2), and (3)? What is the oxidation state of the other

element?

Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of the amphoteric oxide Ga₂O₃ with:

a. Aqueous sulfuric acid

a. Why is the SO₃ molecule trigonal planar but the SO₃^2– ion is trigonal pyramidal?

An important physiological reaction of nitric oxide (NO) is its interaction with the superoxide ion (O₂^–) to form the peroxynitrite ion (ONOO^–).

a. Write electron-dot structures for NO, O₂^–, and ONOO^–, and predict the O–N–O bond angle in ONOO^–.

Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of the amphoteric oxide ZnO with:

a. Hydrochloric acid

Consider the six second- and third-row elements in groups 4A–6A of the periodic table:

Possible structures for the binary fluorides of each of these elements in its highest oxidation state are shown below.

(a) Identify the nonfluorine atom in each case, and write the molecular formula of each fluoride.

Which compound in each of the following pairs is more ionic?

(b) P4O6 or Ga2O3

Select the group 4A element that best fits each of the following descriptions.

b. Is the least dense semimetal

In the following pictures of binary hydrides, ivory spheres

represent H atoms or ions, and burgundy spheres represent

atoms or ions of the other element.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b) What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in compounds (1), (2), and (3)? What is the oxidation state of the other

element?

Consider the six second- and third-row elements in groups 4A–6A of the periodic table:

Possible structures for the binary fluorides of each of these elements in its highest oxidation state are shown below.

(b) Explain why the fluorides of nitrogen and phosphorus have different molecular structures but the fluorides of carbon and silicon have the same molecular structure.

Look at the location of elements A, B, C, and D in the following periodic table:

(b) Classify each oxide as basic, acidic, or amphoteric.

The following pictures represent structures of the hydrides of four second-row elements:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b) Which compound has the lowest boiling point?

The following models represent the structures of binary hydrides of second-row elements:

b. Draw an electron-dot structure for each hydride. For which hydride is there a problem in drawing the structure? Explain.

Complete and balance the equation for each of the following reactions.

b. Ca(s) + H₂O(l) →

Consider the elements N, Si, Al, S, and F. Identify which of these elements:

c. Is a semiconductor

Identify the group 3A element that best fits each of the following descriptions.

(c) Is extremely toxic

Consider the elements C, Se, B, Sn, and Cl. Identify which of these elements:

c. Is the best electrical conductor

Complete and balance the equation for each of the following reactions.

d. $C_2H_6\left(g\right)+H_2O\left(g\right)\overset{heat}{\underset{catalyst}\rightarrow}$

Which compound in each of the following pairs is more ionic?

(d) BCl₃ or AlCl₃

Give one example from main-group chemistry that illustrates each of the following descriptions.

d. Polar molecule that violates the octet rule

Consider the elements C, Se, B, Sn, and Cl. Identify which of these elements:

e. Forms a hydride with the empirical formula 

Look at the location of elements A, B, C, and D in the following periodic table:

(e) Which of these oxides has the highest melting point? Which has the lowest melting point?

Locate each of the following elements on the periodic table.

(f) Group 5A element that forms the strongest p bonds

The following pictures represent structures of the hydrides of four second-row elements:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(c) Which compounds yield H2 gas when they are mixed together?

In the following pictures of oxides, red spheres represent O atoms or ions, and green spheres represent atoms or ions of a second- or third-row element in its highest oxidation state.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b) Identify each oxide as ionic or covalent.

Look at the location of elements A, B, C, and D in the following periodic table:

(a) Write the formula of the oxide that has each of these elements in its highest oxidation state.

The following models represent the structures of binary

oxides of second- and third-row elements in their highest

oxidation states:

(a) Identify the non-oxygen atom in each case, and write the molecular formula for each oxide.