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- Using the molecular orbital energy ordering for second-row homonuclear diatomic molecules in which the π2p orbitals lie at higher energy than the σ2p, draw MO energy diagrams and predict the bond order in a molecule or ion with 12 total valence electrons. Will the molecule or ion be diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
Problem 8
- For each compound, draw the Lewis structure, determine the geometry using VSEPR theory, determine whether the molecule is polar, identify the hybridization of all interior atoms, and make a sketch of the molecule according to valence bond theory, showing orbital overlap. a. IF5 b. CH2CHCH3 c. CH3SH
Problem 9
Problem 31
A molecule with the formula AB3 has a trigonal pyramidal geometry. How many electron groups are on the central atom (A)?
Problem 32
A molecule with the formula AB2 has a linear geometry. How many electron groups are on the central atom?
Problem 36
Determine the electron geometry, molecular geometry, and idealized bond angles for each molecule. In which cases do you expect deviations from the idealized bond angle?
a. CS2
b. SCl2
c. CHF3
d. PF3
Problem 37
Which species has the smaller bond angle, H3O+ or H2O? Explain.
Problem 38
Which species has the smaller bond angle, ClO4- or ClO3- ? Explain.
Problem 39c
Determine the molecular geometry and sketch each molecule or ion using the bond conventions shown in “Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper” in Section 11.4. c. PCl5
Problem 39d
Determine the molecular geometry and sketch each molecule or ion using the bond conventions shown in “Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper” in Section 11.4. d. BrF5
Problem 40d
Determine the molecular geometry and sketch each molecule or ion, using the bond conventions shown in “Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper” in Section 11.4. d. IF2–
Problem 42c
Determine the molecular geometry about each interior atom and sketch each molecule. c. N2H4 (skeletal structure H2NNH2)
Problem 44
Each ball-and-stick model shows the electron and molecular geometry of a generic molecule. Explain what is wrong with each molecular geometry and provide the correct molecular geometry, given the number of lone pairs and bonding groups on the central atom. (c)
Problem 45b
Determine the geometry about each interior atom in each molecule and sketch the molecule. (Skeletal structure is indicated in parentheses.) a. CH3OH (H3COH) b. CH3OCH3 (H3COCH3)
Problem 45c
Determine the geometry about each interior atom in each molecule and sketch the molecule. (Skeletal structure is indicated in parentheses.) c. H2O2 (HOOH)
Problem 46b
Determine the geometry about each interior atom in each molecule and sketch the molecule. (Skeletal structure is indicated in parentheses.)
a. CH3NH2 (H3CNH2)
b. CH3CO2CH3 (H3CCOOCH3 One O atom attached to 2nd C atom; the other O atom is bonded to the 2nd and 3rd C atom)
Problem 46c
Determine the geometry about each interior atom in each molecule and sketch the molecule. (Skeletal structure is indicated in parentheses.) c. NH2CO2H (H2NCOOH both O atoms attached to C)
Problem 48
CH3F is a polar molecule, even though the tetrahedral geometry often leads to nonpolar molecules. Explain.
Problem 49
Determine whether each molecule in Exercise 35 is polar or nonpolar.
a. CI4
b. NCl3
c. OF2
d. H2S
Problem 50
Determine whether each molecule in Exercise 36 is polar or nonpolar.
a. CS2
b. SCl2
c. CHF3
d. PF3
Problem 51b
Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar. b. SiCl4
Problem 51c
Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar. c. SeCl6
Problem 52
Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar.
a. IF5
b. SCl2
c. SCl4
d. BrF5
Problem 53a
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? a. N 2s22p3
Problem 53b
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? b. B 2s2sp1
Problem 53c
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? c. O 2s2sp4
Problem 54a
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? a. F 2s22p5
Problem 54c
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? c. Be 2s2
- Write orbital diagrams (boxes with arrows in them) to represent the electron configurations—without hybridization—for all the atoms in PH₃. Circle the electrons involved in bonding. Draw a three-dimensional sketch of the molecule and show orbital overlap. What bond angle do you expect from the unhybridized orbitals? How well does valence bond theory agree with the experimentally measured bond angle of 93.3°?
Problem 55
Problem 56
Write orbital diagrams (boxes with arrows in them) to represent the electron configurations—without hybridization—for all the atoms in SF2. Circle the electrons involved in bonding. Draw a three-dimensional sketch of the molecule and show orbital overlap. What bond angle do you expect from the unhybridized orbitals? How well does valence bond theory agree with the experimentally measured bond angle of 98.2° ?
Problem 58
Write orbital diagrams (boxes with arrows in them) to represent the electron configurations of carbon before and after sp hybridization.