Textbook Question
Complete each of the following bombardment reactions:
d. ? + 6428Ni → 272111Rg + 10n
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11. Nuclear Chemistry
Types of Radiation
5:18 minutesProblem 42
Textbook Question
How does a chain reaction occur in nuclear fission?
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the concept of nuclear fission: Nuclear fission is a process in which a heavy nucleus (such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239) splits into two smaller nuclei, along with the release of energy and additional neutrons.
Recognize the role of neutrons: When a neutron collides with a fissile nucleus (e.g., uranium-235), it can cause the nucleus to become unstable and split into smaller nuclei, releasing energy and 2-3 additional neutrons.
Explain the chain reaction mechanism: The neutrons released during the fission of one nucleus can collide with other fissile nuclei, causing them to undergo fission as well. This process repeats, leading to a self-sustaining chain reaction.
Discuss the conditions for a chain reaction: For a chain reaction to occur, there must be a sufficient amount of fissile material (critical mass) and the neutrons must be moderated (slowed down) to increase the likelihood of further fission events.
Relate to practical applications: Chain reactions are controlled in nuclear reactors to produce energy, while in nuclear weapons, the reaction is uncontrolled, leading to a rapid release of energy.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei, along with the release of a significant amount of energy. This reaction typically occurs in heavy elements like uranium-235 or plutonium-239 when they absorb a neutron. The fission process is fundamental to nuclear reactors and atomic bombs, as it initiates a chain reaction.
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Chain Reaction
A chain reaction in nuclear fission refers to a self-sustaining series of reactions where the products of one fission event cause further fission events. When a nucleus splits, it releases additional neutrons, which can then collide with other fissile nuclei, leading to more fissions. This exponential growth in reactions is crucial for maintaining the energy output in nuclear reactors or the explosive power in nuclear weapons.
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Critical Mass
Critical mass is the minimum amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. If the mass of the material is below this threshold, the neutrons produced will escape without causing further fissions, and the reaction will cease. Achieving critical mass is essential for both controlled reactions in nuclear power plants and uncontrolled reactions in nuclear weapons.
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