Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Translation: Protein Synthesis

GOB Chemistry

26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Translation: Protein Synthesis

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1:56 minutes

Problem 90a

Textbook Question

Suppose a mutation occurs in the DNA section in problem 17.89, and the first base in the parent chain, adenine, is replaced by guanine.
a. What type of mutation has occurred?

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the type of mutation: A mutation where one base is replaced by another is called a substitution mutation. Specifically, replacing adenine (A) with guanine (G) is a type of point mutation known as a base substitution.

Classify the substitution: Base substitutions can be further categorized as either transitions or transversions. A transition occurs when a purine (adenine or guanine) is replaced by another purine, or a pyrimidine (cytosine or thymine) is replaced by another pyrimidine. Since both adenine and guanine are purines, this mutation is classified as a transition.

Consider the potential effects: Base substitutions can lead to different outcomes depending on their location and the resulting codon. If the substitution changes the codon to one that codes for a different amino acid, it is called a missense mutation. If it changes the codon to a stop codon, it is a nonsense mutation. If the codon still codes for the same amino acid, it is a silent mutation.

Relate to the genetic code: To determine the specific effect of this mutation, you would need to analyze the codon in which the substitution occurred and compare it to the genetic code chart. This step is not explicitly required here but is important for understanding the broader implications of the mutation.

Summarize the mutation: The mutation described is a base substitution (transition) where adenine is replaced by guanine. The specific impact on the protein depends on the codon and its translation into an amino acid.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Point Mutation

A point mutation is a genetic alteration where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a sequence of DNA. This type of mutation can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of proteins, potentially affecting their function. In the context of the question, the replacement of adenine with guanine represents a specific type of point mutation.

Substitution Mutation

A substitution mutation occurs when one base pair in the DNA sequence is replaced by another. This can result in a silent mutation (no change in amino acid), a missense mutation (change in one amino acid), or a nonsense mutation (premature stop codon). The mutation described in the question is a substitution mutation, as adenine is replaced by guanine.

Effects of Mutations

Mutations can have various effects on an organism, ranging from benign to harmful. They can alter protein function, lead to genetic diseases, or contribute to evolutionary changes. Understanding the potential consequences of mutations is crucial for assessing their impact on biological processes, especially in the context of genetic disorders or adaptations.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

In sickle-cell anemia, a point mutation in the mRNA for hemoglobin results in the replacement of glutamate with valine in the resulting hemoglobin molecule. Why does the replacement of one amino acid cause such a drastic change in biological function?

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Textbook Question

The following is a segment of the template strand of human BRCA1 gene:

TGG AAT TAT CTG CTC TTC GCG

c. If there is a point mutation in the fourth nucleotide triplet and A replaces G, what is the change, if any, in the amino acid sequence?

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Textbook Question

Answer the following questions for the given section of DNA:

c. Write the three-letter symbols for the amino acids that would go into the peptide from the mRNA you wrote in part b.

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Textbook Question

Suppose a mutation occurs in the DNA section in problem 17.89, and the first base in the parent chain, adenine, is replaced by guanine.

c. Write the three-letter symbols for the amino acids that would go into the peptide from the mRNA you wrote in part b.

613

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Textbook Question

Match each of the following processes (1 to 5) with one of the items (a to e):

5. reverse transcription

a. amino acids are linked together

b. RNA template is used to synthesize DNA

c. helicase unwinds DNA

d. genetic information is transferred from DNA

e. sticky ends join new DNA segment

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Textbook Question

Suppose a mutation occurs in the DNA section in problem 17.89, and the first base in the parent chain, adenine, is replaced by guanine.

d. What effect, if any, might this mutation have on the structure and/or function of the resulting protein?

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Textbook Question

Consider the following portion of mRNA produced by the normal order of DNA nucleotides:

5'CUU|AAA|CGA|GUU3'

c. Write the amino acid sequence if a mutation changes CGA to AGA. Is this likely to affect protein function?

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Textbook Question

Consider the following portion of mRNA produced by the normal order of DNA nucleotides:

5'CUU|AAA|CGA|GUU3'

e. What happens to the protein sequence if an A is added to the beginning of the chain and the sequence changes to 5'ACU|UAA|ACG|AGU3'?

421

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Suppose a mutation occurs in the DNA section in problem 17.89, and the first base in the parent chain, adenine, is replaced by guanine.a. What type of mutation has occurred?

Key Concepts

Point Mutation

Substitution Mutation

Effects of Mutations

Watch next

Suppose a mutation occurs in the DNA section in problem 17.89, and the first base in the parent chain, adenine, is replaced by guanine.
a. What type of mutation has occurred?