Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Electron Transport Chain

GOB Chemistry

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Electron Transport Chain

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1:57 minutes

Problem 83a

Textbook Question

Identify the following as the reduced or oxidized form:
a. NAD⁺

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the concepts of oxidation and reduction. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons. In biological systems, these processes often involve the transfer of hydrogen atoms.

Step 2: Recognize that NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme involved in redox reactions. It alternates between two forms: NAD⁺ (oxidized form) and NADH (reduced form).

Step 3: Recall that NAD⁺ lacks the additional hydrogen atom and electrons that are present in NADH. This indicates that NAD⁺ is the oxidized form.

Step 4: Confirm that NAD⁺ is ready to accept electrons and a hydrogen atom during a reduction reaction, converting it into NADH.

Step 5: Conclude that NAD⁺ is the oxidized form in this context, as it has not yet gained electrons or hydrogen atoms.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions, short for reduction-oxidation reactions, involve the transfer of electrons between two substances. In these reactions, one substance is oxidized (loses electrons) while another is reduced (gains electrons). Understanding redox processes is crucial for analyzing biochemical pathways, such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

NAD⁺ and NADH

NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme that plays a vital role in metabolic processes. It exists in two forms: the oxidized form (NAD⁺) and the reduced form (NADH). NAD⁺ accepts electrons during metabolic reactions, becoming NADH, which is essential for energy production in cells.

Oxidation State

The oxidation state refers to the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound, indicating how many electrons have been lost or gained. In the context of NAD⁺, its oxidation state is higher than that of NADH, as NAD⁺ is the form that has not yet accepted electrons. This concept is fundamental in determining the roles of different molecules in redox reactions.

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