Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

Hydrogenation Reaction

GOB Chemistry

13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

Hydrogenation Reaction

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1:55 minutes

Problem 72a

Textbook Question

Fill in the missing organic products for the complete hydrogenation of the following:
(a)

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the type of organic compound in the given image. For complete hydrogenation, the compound is likely an alkene or alkyne, as these undergo hydrogenation reactions.

Understand that complete hydrogenation involves the addition of hydrogen (H₂) across the double or triple bonds in the molecule, converting them into single bonds.

Write the general reaction for hydrogenation:

C

_nH_2n + H₂ → C_nH_2n+2 for alkenes or

C

_nH_2n-2 + 2H₂ → C_nH_2n+2 for alkynes.

Determine the structure of the product by replacing all double or triple bonds in the original molecule with single bonds, ensuring that each carbon atom achieves a full octet by bonding with additional hydrogen atoms.

Verify the final product by counting the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms to ensure the molecular formula matches the expected result after complete hydrogenation.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen (H2) to an unsaturated organic compound, typically alkenes or alkynes, converting them into saturated hydrocarbons. This process is commonly used in the food industry to convert liquid vegetable oils into solid or semi-solid fats, such as margarine. Understanding the mechanism of hydrogenation is crucial for predicting the products formed in the reaction.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Compounds

Saturated compounds contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. In contrast, unsaturated compounds have one or more double or triple bonds, which means they can react with hydrogen to become saturated. Recognizing the difference between these types of compounds is essential for determining the outcome of hydrogenation reactions.

Reaction Conditions

The conditions under which hydrogenation occurs, such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of catalysts (like palladium or platinum), significantly influence the reaction's efficiency and the products formed. Typically, higher pressures and temperatures can enhance the reaction rate, while catalysts lower the activation energy required for the reaction. Understanding these conditions helps in predicting the completeness and selectivity of the hydrogenation process.

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Textbook Question

Write the products for the following hydrogenation reactions:

(a)

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Textbook Question

Write the products for the following hydrogenation reactions:

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Textbook Question

Write the products for the following hydrogenation reactions:

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Textbook Question

Fill in the missing organic products or reactants for the following hydrogenation reactions:

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Textbook Question

Fill in the missing organic products for the complete hydrogenation of the following:

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Multiple Choice

Write a hydrogenation reaction of the following alkyne and name the organic product formed.

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Textbook Question

What alkene could you use to make the following products? Draw the structure of the alkene, and tell what other reagent is also required for the reaction to occur.

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Textbook Question

Alkynes undergo hydrogenation to give alkanes, just as alkenes do. Draw and name the products that would result from hydrogenation of the alkynes shown in Problem 13.25.

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