Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

The Citric Acid Cycle

GOB Chemistry

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

The Citric Acid Cycle

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4:57 minutes

Problem 98e

Textbook Question

Which of the following molecules will produce the most ATP per mole?
e. 𝛼-ketoglutarate or fumarate in one turn of the citric acid cycle

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context of the problem: The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) is a metabolic pathway that generates ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. The question asks which molecule, 𝛼-ketoglutarate or fumarate, produces the most ATP per mole in one turn of the cycle.

Recall the role of each molecule in the citric acid cycle: 𝛼-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl-CoA via oxidative decarboxylation, producing NADH. Fumarate is formed later in the cycle from succinate and does not directly produce NADH or FADH₂ during its formation.

Consider the energy yield of each step: NADH and FADH₂ are electron carriers that contribute to ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation. The conversion of 𝛼-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA generates NADH, which can lead to ATP production. Fumarate itself does not directly generate NADH or FADH₂ but is involved in subsequent steps that may produce these carriers.

Compare the ATP yield: Since 𝛼-ketoglutarate produces NADH during its conversion to succinyl-CoA, it contributes more to ATP production compared to fumarate, which does not directly produce NADH or FADH₂.

Conclude the reasoning: Based on the energy yield of the citric acid cycle, 𝛼-ketoglutarate will produce more ATP per mole than fumarate in one turn of the cycle due to its role in generating NADH.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a series of enzymatic reactions that occur in the mitochondria, where acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce energy. This cycle generates high-energy electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, which are crucial for ATP production in the electron transport chain. Understanding the cycle's steps and the molecules involved is essential for determining ATP yield.

ATP Yield from Metabolites

Different metabolites yield varying amounts of ATP when they enter the citric acid cycle. For instance, α-ketoglutarate and fumarate are intermediates that can be converted into energy, but their ATP yield differs based on the number of NADH and FADH2 produced during their conversion. Analyzing these differences is key to answering the question about which molecule produces more ATP.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is produced in the mitochondria using the energy derived from the electron transport chain. The NADH and FADH2 generated in the citric acid cycle donate electrons to this chain, leading to the production of ATP. Understanding how these processes interconnect helps in evaluating the total ATP yield from different substrates in cellular respiration.