Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

24. Lipid Metabolism

Total Energy from Fatty Acids

GOB Chemistry

24. Lipid Metabolism

Total Energy from Fatty Acids

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2:02 minutes

Problem 44

Textbook Question

How many moles of ATP are produced by the complete oxidation of 1 mol of myristic acid?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the problem: Myristic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula C₁₄H₂₈O₂. The complete oxidation of fatty acids involves beta-oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.

Determine the number of beta-oxidation cycles: Each cycle of beta-oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by 2 carbons, producing 1 FADH₂, 1 NADH, and 1 acetyl-CoA. For myristic acid (14 carbons), the number of beta-oxidation cycles is (14/2) - 1 = 6 cycles.

Calculate the ATP yield from beta-oxidation: Each beta-oxidation cycle produces 1 FADH₂ (1.5 ATP) and 1 NADH (2.5 ATP). Multiply these values by the number of cycles (6) to find the total ATP from beta-oxidation.

Determine the ATP yield from acetyl-CoA: Each acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, producing 3 NADH (7.5 ATP), 1 FADH₂ (1.5 ATP), and 1 GTP (1 ATP). For myristic acid, 7 acetyl-CoA molecules are produced (one from each beta-oxidation cycle and one from the final 2-carbon fragment). Multiply these values by 7 to find the total ATP from acetyl-CoA.

Account for the energy cost of activation: The activation of myristic acid to form acyl-CoA requires 2 ATP. Subtract this value from the total ATP calculated in the previous steps to find the net ATP yield from the complete oxidation of 1 mol of myristic acid.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Beta-Oxidation

Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA. Each cycle of beta-oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms, producing one molecule of acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle for further energy extraction.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. Each turn of the cycle produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2, which are crucial for the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the production of additional ATP.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It involves the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. This process is responsible for producing the majority of ATP during the complete oxidation of fatty acids.