Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

20. Carbohydrates

Enantiomers vs Diastereomers

GOB Chemistry

20. Carbohydrates

Enantiomers vs Diastereomers

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1:55 minutes

Problem 13a

Textbook Question

Draw the Fischer projection for the enantiomer (mirror image) of each of the following:
(a)

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the Fischer projection: A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional molecule, where horizontal lines represent bonds projecting out of the plane (toward the viewer) and vertical lines represent bonds projecting into the plane (away from the viewer).

Identify the structure of d-Altrose: d-Altrose is a monosaccharide with a specific arrangement of hydroxyl (-OH) groups on its carbon chain. Refer to the provided image or standard structure of d-Altrose to determine the positions of the -OH groups and hydrogen atoms.

Draw the mirror image: To create the enantiomer, reverse the positions of all substituents on the chiral carbons. For each chiral carbon, swap the -OH group and the hydrogen atom on the horizontal bonds while keeping the vertical bonds unchanged.

Ensure proper orientation: Verify that the vertical bonds (representing the carbon backbone) remain consistent and that the horizontal bonds are correctly swapped to reflect the mirror image.

Label the enantiomer: Once the mirror image is drawn, label it as the enantiomer of d-Altrose. Double-check the configuration to ensure it is the correct mirror image representation.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Fischer Projection

The Fischer projection is a two-dimensional representation of a molecule that shows the configuration of its stereocenters. In this format, vertical lines represent bonds that extend behind the plane of the page, while horizontal lines represent bonds that extend in front. This method is particularly useful for visualizing carbohydrates and amino acids, allowing for easy identification of stereoisomers.

Enantiomers

Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomer that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They typically arise from molecules that contain one or more chiral centers, where the arrangement of atoms around the chiral center leads to two distinct configurations. Enantiomers often exhibit different optical activities, meaning they rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.

D- and L- Configuration

The D- and L- notation is used to designate the configuration of chiral molecules, particularly sugars and amino acids. The 'D' configuration indicates that the hydroxyl group on the highest-numbered chiral carbon is on the right in a Fischer projection, while 'L' indicates it is on the left. This system helps in categorizing sugars and understanding their biological roles, as well as their interactions with enzymes and receptors.