Which two carbonyl compounds are required for the synthesis of morachalcone A via nucleophilic addition?

Within each set of structures, indicate which will react fastest, and which slowest, toward nucleophilic addition in basic conditions.

(b)

Show how you would accomplish the following syntheses.

b. cyclopentanecarbaldehyde → 2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxyacetic acid

Propose a mechanism for the following reactions:

a.

Predict the product of the following aldehyde and ketone addition reactions.

(b)

Why are $\mathrm{aldehydes}$ generally more reactive than $\mathrm{ketones}$ toward nucleophilic addition reactions?

Which of the following best describes the movement of electrons (curved arrows) during the nucleophilic addition that converts an ${\mathrm{enolate}}_{\mathrm{ion}}$ to its $\mathrm{keto}$ form?

When a simple unsymmetrical ketone such as $C_3{H}_{6}O$ (propanone) is treated with base, which of the following best describes the enolates that can be formed?

Which of the following best describes the major organic product formed when a $\mathrm{Grignard}$ reagent reacts with an $\mathrm{aldehyde}$ followed by aqueous workup?