Show how each of the following compounds can be synthesized from benzene:
c. p-bromoanisole

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Begin with benzene as the starting material. Benzene is a simple aromatic compound that serves as the foundation for the synthesis.

Step 2: Introduce a bromine substituent to the benzene ring by performing an electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction. Use bromine (Br₂) and a Lewis acid catalyst such as FeBr₃ to brominate benzene, forming bromobenzene. The reaction mechanism involves the formation of a bromonium ion intermediate.

Step 3: Protect the para position for the next substitution. To achieve the desired para orientation, introduce a methoxy group (-OCH₃) to the benzene ring. This can be done by reacting bromobenzene with sodium methoxide (NaOCH₃) in the presence of a suitable solvent like methanol. The methoxy group is an electron-donating group and directs further substitution to the para position.

Step 4: Ensure that the bromine and methoxy groups are in the correct para relationship. If the reaction conditions are controlled properly, the methoxy group will be introduced at the para position relative to the bromine substituent, yielding p-bromoanisole.

Step 5: Purify the product using techniques such as recrystallization or column chromatography to isolate p-bromoanisole. Confirm the structure of the compound using spectroscopic methods like NMR or IR to verify the presence of the bromine and methoxy groups in the para positions.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) is a fundamental reaction in organic chemistry where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring. This process is crucial for synthesizing various aromatic compounds, including p-bromoanisole from benzene. Understanding the mechanism of EAS, including the role of catalysts and the stability of intermediates, is essential for predicting the outcomes of such reactions.

Bromination of Aromatic Compounds

Bromination is a specific type of electrophilic aromatic substitution where bromine is introduced into an aromatic compound. In the synthesis of p-bromoanisole, bromine can be added to the benzene ring after it has been activated by a methoxy group (from anisole). This step is critical as it determines the position of the bromine substitution, which in this case is para to the methoxy group due to its electron-donating properties.

Methoxy Group as a Director

The methoxy group (-OCH3) is an electron-donating substituent that influences the reactivity and orientation of electrophilic substitution on the aromatic ring. It directs incoming electrophiles to the ortho and para positions relative to itself. In the synthesis of p-bromoanisole, the methoxy group enhances the electron density of the benzene ring, facilitating the bromination at the para position, which is a key aspect of the synthesis process.

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Draw resonance contributors for the carbanion that would be formed if meta-chloronitrobenzene were to react with hydroxide ion. Why doesn't the reaction occur?

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Show how each of the following compounds can be synthesized from benzene:

d. anisole

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Design a synthesis for each of the following, using an intramolecular reaction:

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