Textbook Question
The [Cr(H2O)6]3+ ion is violet, and [Cr(CN)6]3- is yellow. Explain this difference using crystal field theory. Use the colors to order H2O and CN- in the spectrochemical series.
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Ch.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry
McMurry8th EditionChemistryISBN: 9781292336145
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Chemical Tools: Experimentation & Measurement170
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules & Ions160
- Ch.3 - Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions169
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution199
- Ch.5 - Periodicity & Electronic Structure of Atoms102
- Ch.6 - Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory92
- Ch.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures61
- Ch.8 - Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure59
- Ch.9 - Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy122
- Ch.10 - Gases: Their Properties & Behavior155
- Ch.11 - Liquids & Phase Changes54
- Ch.12 - Solids and Solid-State Materials73
- Ch.13 - Solutions & Their Properties120
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics98
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium125
- Ch.16 - Aqueous Equilibria: Acids & Bases110
- Ch.17 - Applications of Aqueous Equilibria147
- Ch.18 - Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy & Equilibrium86
- Ch.19 - Electrochemistry154
- Ch.20 - Nuclear Chemistry96
- Ch.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry156
- Ch.22 - The Main Group Elements187
- Ch.23 - Organic and Biological Chemistry51
Chapter 21, Problem 21.2
Based on effective nuclear charge (Zeff), which ion is the strongest oxidizing agent?
(a) Cu2+
(b) Ni2+
(c) Fe2+
(d) Mn2+
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand that the effective nuclear charge (Z_eff) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. It is calculated as Z_eff = Z - S, where Z is the atomic number and S is the shielding constant.
Recognize that a higher Z_eff means the electrons are held more tightly by the nucleus, which can influence the oxidizing ability of an ion.
Consider that a strong oxidizing agent is one that readily gains electrons, which is facilitated by a higher Z_eff as it indicates a stronger attraction for electrons.
Compare the Z_eff for each ion: Cu^{2+}, Ni^{2+}, Fe^{2+}, and Mn^{2+}. Calculate or estimate Z_eff for each based on their atomic numbers and typical shielding values.
Determine which ion has the highest Z_eff, as this ion will be the strongest oxidizing agent due to its greater ability to attract and gain electrons.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Effective Nuclear Charge (Z_eff)
Effective nuclear charge (Z_eff) refers to the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. It accounts for the shielding effect of inner electrons, which reduces the full nuclear charge felt by outer electrons. A higher Z_eff indicates a stronger attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons, influencing the atom's reactivity and ability to act as an oxidizing agent.
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01:51
Effective Nuclear Charge
Oxidizing Agent
An oxidizing agent is a substance that gains electrons in a chemical reaction, causing another substance to be oxidized. The strength of an oxidizing agent is often related to its ability to attract electrons, which is influenced by its effective nuclear charge. Stronger oxidizing agents have a greater tendency to accept electrons, making them more reactive in redox reactions.
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01:01Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Transition Metals and Oxidation States
Transition metals can exhibit multiple oxidation states, which significantly affects their chemical behavior, including their role as oxidizing agents. The oxidation state of a transition metal ion can influence its Z_eff and, consequently, its ability to accept electrons. Understanding the common oxidation states of metals like Cu, Ni, Fe, and Mn is crucial for predicting their reactivity and identifying the strongest oxidizing agent among them.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Look at the colors of the isomeric complexes in Figure 21.12, and predict which is the stronger field ligand, nitro (-NO2) of nitrito (-ONO). Explain.
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Textbook Question
Based on the wavelength of maximum absorption of the cobalt complexes, arrange the following ligands in a spectrochemical series from weakest-field to strongest-field ligand.
(a) Cl- < NCS- < H2O < NH3
(b) Cl- < NCS- < H2O < NH3
(c) H2O < Cl- < NH3 < NCS-
(d) Cl- < H2O < NCS- < NH3
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Textbook Question
What hybrid orbitals are used by the metal ion and how many unpaired electrons are present the complex ion [VCl4]- with tetrahedral geometry?
(a) sp3; 2 unpaired electrons
(b) sp3; 3 unpaired electrons
(c) sp3d2; 3 unpaired electrons
(d) sp3d2; 4 unpaired electrons
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Textbook Question
Although Cl- is a weak-field ligand and CN- is a strong field ligand, [CrCl6]3- and [Cr(CN)6]3- exhibit approximately the same amount of paramagnetism. Explain.
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Textbook Question
What role does EDTA4- play as a trace additive to mayonnaise? Would the glycinate ion (H2NCH2CH2NH2) be an effective substitute for EDTA4-?
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