Name: Chemistry: The Central Science
Author: Brown
ISBN: 9780137542970

Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

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Brown 15th Edition

Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

Problem 32

In which of the following AF_n molecules or ions is there more than one F-A-F bond angle: PF₆⁻, SbF₅, SF₄?

Problem 33a

Consider the following XF₄ ions: PF₄^-, BrF₄^-, ClF₄⁺, and AlF₄^-. (a) Which of the ions have more than an octet of electrons around the central atom?

Problem 33c

Consider the following XF4 ions: PF4-, BrF4-, ClF4+, and AlF4-. (c) Which of the ions will have an octahedral electron-domain geometry?

Problem 34

Name the proper three-dimensional molecular shapes for each of the following molecules or ions, showing lone pairs as needed: (a) ClO2- (b) SO4 2- (c) NF3 (d) CCl2Br2 (e) SF4 2+

Problem 36

Consider a molecule with the formula AX2. Supposing the A-X bond is polar, how would you expect the dipole moment of the AX2 molecule to change as the X-A-X bond angle decreases from 180° to 100°?

Problem 37a

a. Does SCl2 have a nonzero dipole moment?

Problem 38b

(b) It turns out that ozone, O₃, has a small dipole moment. How is this possible, given that all the atoms are the same?

Problem 39c

Problem 40a

a. Consider the AF3 molecules in Exercise 9.27. Which of these will have a nonzero dipole moment?

Problem 41

Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) IF, (b) CS2, (c) SO3, (d) PCl3, (e) SF6, (f) IF5.

Problem 42

Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) CCl4, (b) NH3, (c) SF4, (d) XeF4, (e) CH3Br, (f) GaH3.

Problem 43b

Dichloroethylene (C₂H₂Cl₂) has three forms (isomers), each of which is a different substance. (b) Which of these isomers has a zero dipole moment?

Problem 46a

Draw sketches illustrating the overlap between the following orbitals on two atoms: (a) the 2s orbital on each atom

Problem 46b,c

Draw sketches illustrating the overlap between the following orbitals on two atoms: (b) the 2p_z orbital on each atom (assume both atoms are on the z-axis) (c) the 2s orbital on one atom and the 2p_z orbital on the other atom.

Problem 47d

For each statement, indicate whether it is true or false. (d) Nonbonding electron pairs cannot occupy a hybrid orbital.

Problem 49c

Consider the molecule BF₃. (c) What hybrid orbitals should be constructed on the B atom to make the B–F bonds in BF₃?

Problem 50c

Consider the SCl2 molecule. (c) What hybrid orbitals should be constructed on the S atom to make the S-Cl bonds in SCl2?

Problem 50d

Consider the SCl2 molecule.(d) What valence orbitals, if any, remain unhybridized on the S atom in SCl2?

Problem 51b

Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in b. AlCl₄^–

Problem 51d

Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in d. GeH4.

Problem 52a

What is the hybridization of the central atom in a. SiCl4?

Problem 52c

What is the hybridization of the central atom in c. SO3?

Problem 53

Shown here are three pairs of hybrid orbitals, with each set at a characteristic angle. For each pair, determine the type of hybridization, if any, that could lead to hybrid orbitals at the specified angle. (a)

(b)

(c)

Problem 55d

Which of the following statements are true? d. A 𝜋 bond has two regions of overlap on opposite sides of the internuclear axis.

Problem 56b

(b) Imagine that you could hold two atoms that are bonded together, twist them, and not change the bond length. Would it be easier to twist (rotate) around a single s bond or around a double 1s plus p2 bond, or would they be the same?

Problem 57b

(b) What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in each molecule?

Problem 58

The oxygen atoms in O2 participate in multiple bonding, whereas those in hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, do not. What is the hybridization of the oxygen atoms in each molecule? What is the hybridization of the oxygen atoms in O2? What is the hybridization of the oxygen atoms in H2O2?

Problem 59a

Propylene, C₃H₆, is a gas that is used to form the important polymer called polypropylene. Its Lewis structure is (a) What is the total number of valence electrons in the propylene molecule?

Problem 60a

Ethyl acetate, C₄H₈O₂, is a fragrant substance used both as a solvent and as an aroma enhancer. Its Lewis structure is

a. What is the hybridization at each of the carbon atoms of the molecule?

Problem 60c

Ethyl acetate, C₄H₈O₂, is a fragrant substance used both as a solvent and as an aroma enhancer. Its Lewis structure is