Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

18. Amino Acids and Proteins

Peptides

GOB Chemistry

18. Amino Acids and Proteins

Peptides

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1:33 minutes

Problem 13a

Textbook Question

Peptides isolated from rapeseed that may lower blood pressure have the following sequence of amino acids. Draw the structure for each peptide and write the one-letter abbreviations.
a. Arg–Ile–Tyr

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the problem. The task is to draw the structure of the peptide and write its one-letter abbreviation. A peptide is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Each amino acid has a specific structure and a one-letter code.

Step 2: Identify the amino acids in the sequence. The sequence provided is Arg–Ile–Tyr. Arg stands for Arginine, Ile stands for Isoleucine, and Tyr stands for Tyrosine.

Step 3: Draw the structure of each amino acid. Use the general structure of amino acids, which includes an amino group (-NH₂), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain (R group) attached to the central carbon (α-carbon). For each amino acid: - Arginine (Arg) has a side chain with a guanidinium group. - Isoleucine (Ile) has a branched alkyl side chain. - Tyrosine (Tyr) has a phenol group as its side chain.

Step 4: Connect the amino acids using peptide bonds. A peptide bond is formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid, releasing a molecule of water (condensation reaction). Connect Arg to Ile, and then Ile to Tyr.

Step 5: Write the one-letter abbreviations for the peptide sequence. The one-letter codes for the amino acids are: Arginine (R), Isoleucine (I), and Tyrosine (Y). Therefore, the one-letter abbreviation for the peptide is R-I-Y.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Peptide Structure

Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The structure of a peptide is determined by the sequence of its amino acids, which influences its biological function. Understanding how to draw peptide structures involves knowing the general backbone of amino acids and how to represent side chains.

Amino Acid Abbreviations

Amino acids are often represented by one-letter codes for simplicity in biochemical contexts. For example, Arginine is denoted as 'R', Isoleucine as 'I', and Tyrosine as 'Y'. Familiarity with these abbreviations is essential for efficiently communicating peptide sequences in scientific literature.

Biological Function of Peptides

Peptides can have various biological functions, including acting as hormones, neurotransmitters, or signaling molecules. The specific sequence of amino acids in a peptide can influence its ability to interact with receptors and affect physiological processes, such as blood pressure regulation. Understanding these functions is crucial for interpreting the significance of the peptides derived from rapeseed.

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Textbook Question

Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following peptides, and give its three-letter and one-letter abbreviations:

a. alanylcysteine

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Textbook Question

Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following peptides, and give its three-letter and one-letter abbreviations:

c. glycylalanylvaline

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Textbook Question

Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following peptides, and give its three-letter and one-letter abbreviations:

b. threonylleucine

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Textbook Question

Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following peptides, and give its three-letter and one-letter abbreviations:

d. histidylglycylglutamylisoleucine

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Textbook Question

Peptides from sweet potato with antioxidant properties have the following sequence of amino acids. Draw the structure for each peptide and write the one-letter abbreviations.

b. Asn–Tyr–Asp–Glu–Tyr

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Textbook Question

Write the products for the following condensation or hydrolysis reactions:

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Textbook Question

Consider the following tripeptide:

a. Circle the N-terminal amino acid, and give its name. Draw a square around the C-terminal amino acid, and give its name.

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