Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

25. Condensation Chemistry

Aldol Condensation

Organic Chemistry

25. Condensation Chemistry

Aldol Condensation

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Problem 75b

Textbook Question

Show how the following compounds can be synthesized. The only carbon-containing compounds available to you for each synthesis are shown.
b.

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Identify the target compound and analyze its functional groups, carbon skeleton, and connectivity. This will help determine the synthetic strategy and retrosynthetic steps.

Perform a retrosynthetic analysis by breaking down the target compound into simpler precursors. Consider disconnections that lead to the starting materials provided in the problem.

Determine the reagents and reaction conditions required to form the target compound from the precursors. Use known organic reactions such as substitution, elimination, addition, or rearrangement reactions.

Plan the forward synthesis by writing out the sequence of reactions step by step, ensuring that each step is chemically feasible and leads to the desired intermediate or final product.

Verify the synthesis by checking that the starting materials, reagents, and reaction conditions align with the problem constraints and that the target compound is formed as the final product.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Synthetic Pathways

Synthetic pathways refer to the series of chemical reactions and transformations that convert starting materials into desired products. Understanding these pathways is crucial for planning the synthesis of organic compounds, as it involves selecting appropriate reagents and conditions to achieve the desired molecular structure.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. Recognizing functional groups in the compounds involved in the synthesis helps predict reactivity and selectivity during chemical reactions, guiding the synthesis process effectively.

Reagents and Reaction Conditions

Reagents are substances used to bring about a chemical reaction, while reaction conditions include temperature, pressure, and solvent choice. Understanding the role of different reagents and the optimal conditions for reactions is essential for successful synthesis, as these factors can significantly influence the yield and purity of the final product.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Many of the condensations we have studied are reversible. The reverse reactions are often given the prefix retro-, the Latin word meaning “backward.” Propose mechanisms to account for the following reactions.

(a)

(b)

Biochemists studying the structure of collagen (a fibrous protein in connective tissue) found cross-links containing α,β-unsaturated aldehydes between protein chains. Show the structures of the side chains that react to form these cross-links, and propose a mechanism for their formation in a weakly acidic solution.

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Textbook Question

Propose mechanisms for the following reactions.

(a)

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Multiple Choice

What product can be isolated from the following aldol condensation reaction?

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