Textbook Question
Predict the products of the following reactions.
(e)
(f)
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Ch. 21 - Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Wade9th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213728
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Structure and Bonding107
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases; Functional Groups115
- Ch.3 - Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes100
- Ch.4 - The Study of Chemical Reactions99
- Ch.5 - Stereochemistry93
- Ch.6 - Alkyl Halides; Nucleophilic Substitution118
- Ch. 7 - Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes; Elimination158
- Ch.8 - Reactions of Alkenes171
- Ch.9 - Alkynes91
- Ch.10 - Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols143
- Ch.11 - Reactions of Alcohols104
- Ch. 12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry22
- Ch. 13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy45
- Ch. 14 - Ethers, Epoxides, and Thioethers72
- Ch. 15 - Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy89
- Ch. 16 - Aromatic Compounds74
- Ch. 17 - Reactions of Aromatic Compounds126
- Ch. 18 - Ketones and Aldehydes193
- Ch. 19 - Amines129
- Ch. 20 - Carboxylic Acids77
- Ch. 21 - Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds175
- Ch. 23 - Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids93
- Ch. 24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins54
Chapter 21, Problem 45a,b,c
Predict the products of the following reactions.
(a) phenol + acetic anhydride
(b) phenol + acetic formic anhydride
(c) aniline + phthalic anhydride
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the reactivity of phenol in reaction (a). Phenol contains an -OH group, which is a nucleophile. Acetic anhydride is an electrophile that reacts with nucleophiles to form esters. The reaction involves the nucleophilic attack of the phenol's oxygen atom on one of the carbonyl carbons of acetic anhydride, leading to the formation of phenyl acetate and acetic acid as products.
Step 2: Analyze reaction (b) with phenol and acetic formic anhydride. Acetic formic anhydride is a mixed anhydride containing both acetic and formic acid components. Phenol will react similarly to reaction (a), where the -OH group attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acetic group, forming phenyl acetate and formic acid as products.
Step 3: Examine the reactivity of aniline in reaction (c). Aniline contains an -NH2 group, which is a nucleophile. Phthalic anhydride is a cyclic anhydride that reacts with nucleophiles. The -NH2 group of aniline will attack one of the carbonyl carbons of phthalic anhydride, leading to the formation of a phthalimide derivative as the product.
Step 4: Consider the mechanism for each reaction. For reactions (a) and (b), the mechanism involves nucleophilic acyl substitution, where the nucleophile (phenol) attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon, followed by the departure of a leaving group (acetate or formate). For reaction (c), the mechanism involves nucleophilic attack by the -NH2 group on the carbonyl carbon, followed by ring opening and subsequent stabilization to form the phthalimide derivative.
Step 5: Verify the products by considering the functional groups involved and the stability of the resulting compounds. For reactions (a) and (b), the ester products (phenyl acetate) are stable. For reaction (c), the phthalimide derivative is a stable cyclic compound due to resonance stabilization within the imide group.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Acid-Base Reactions
Acid-base reactions are fundamental in organic chemistry, where an acid donates a proton (H+) and a base accepts it. In the context of the reactions involving phenol and anhydrides, phenol acts as a weak acid, and the anhydrides can act as electrophiles, facilitating the formation of esters through nucleophilic acyl substitution.
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02:49
The Lewis definition of acids and bases.
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
Nucleophilic acyl substitution is a key reaction mechanism in organic chemistry where a nucleophile attacks an electrophilic carbonyl carbon, leading to the substitution of a leaving group. In the reactions presented, phenol and aniline act as nucleophiles, attacking the carbonyl carbon of the anhydrides to form ester or amide products.
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01:47Nucleophiles and Electrophiles can react in Substitution Reactions.
Reactivity of Anhydrides
Anhydrides are highly reactive compounds that can undergo various reactions, including acylation. They are more reactive than carboxylic acids due to the presence of two carbonyl groups, making them effective acylating agents. Understanding their reactivity is crucial for predicting the products of reactions with nucleophiles like phenol and aniline.
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03:35Anhydride Nomenclature
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Acid-catalyzed transesterification and Fischer esterification take place by nearly identical mechanisms. Transesterification can also take place by a base-catalyzed mechanism, but all attempts at base-catalyzed Fischer esterification (using –OR″, for example) seem doomed to failure. Explain why Fischer esterification cannot be catalyzed by base.
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Textbook Question
Predict the major products formed when benzoyl chloride (PhCOCl) reacts with the following reagents.
(a) ethanol
(b) sodium acetate
(c) aniline
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Textbook Question
Predict the major products formed when benzoyl chloride (PhCOCl) reacts with the following reagents.
(d) anisole and aluminum chloride
(e) excess phenylmagnesium bromide, then dilute acid
(f) LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3
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Textbook Question
Give appropriate names for the following compounds:
(k)
(l)
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Textbook Question
Predict the products of the following reactions.
(d) anisole + succinic anhydride and aluminum chloride
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