Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

16. The Endocrine System

Membrane Bound Receptors and Secondary Messengers

Anatomy & Physiology

16. The Endocrine System

Membrane Bound Receptors and Secondary Messengers

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Multiple Choice

Which second messenger most directly causes calcium ions to be released from intracellular stores?

cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)

IP3 (inositol trisphosphate)

DAG (diacylglycerol)

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the role of second messengers in cellular signaling: Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, creating a cascade of biochemical events.

Identify the function of each second messenger listed: cGMP, cAMP, DAG, and IP3. Each of these molecules has a specific role in cellular signaling pathways.

Focus on IP3 (inositol trisphosphate): IP3 is known to bind to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum, which leads to the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm.

Recognize the mechanism of calcium release: When IP3 binds to its receptor, it triggers the opening of calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, allowing calcium ions to flow into the cytoplasm.

Conclude that IP3 is the second messenger that most directly causes the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores, as it directly interacts with the calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum.