16. The Endocrine System

Which ANS fibers release acetylcholine? Which release norepinephrine?

Describe the events that occur during nerve impulse transmission at a typical cholinergic synapse.

A possible side effect of a drug used to open the airways of someone suffering from an asthma attack is

(a) Decreased activity of the digestive system

(b) Diarrhea

(c) Profuse urination

(d) Increased blood pressure

(e) Decreased heart rate

Nicotine stimulates cholinergic receptors of the ANS. Based on this information, how would cigarette smoking affect the cardiovascular system?

Phil is stung on his cheek by a wasp. Because Phil is allergic to wasp venom, his throat begins to swell and his respiratory passages constrict. Would acetylcholine or epinephrine be more helpful in relieving his condition? Why?

While studying the activity of smooth muscle in blood vessels, Shelly discovers that, when applied to a muscle plasma membrane, a molecule chemically similar to a neurotransmitter triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ions. Which neurotransmitter is the molecule mimicking, and to which receptors is it binding?

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by the posterior pituitary?

a. Antidiuretic hormone

b. Oxytocin

c. Both a and b

d. Neither a nor b

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are released into the _____ system and affect secretion from the _____ gland.

The thyroid gland consists of:

a. Follicle cells that secrete calcitonin

b. Spherical thyroid follicles that contain iodine-containing colloid

c. Parafollicular cells that produce thyroid hormones

d. Spherical thyroid follicles that surround parathyroid hormone–secreting cells

Which of the following is not an effect of thyroid hormones?

a. Regulation of the metabolic rate

b. Promotion of growth and development

c. Thermoregulation

d. Synergism with the parasympathetic nervous system

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

Thyroid hormones are produced by follicle cells.

The outer part of the adrenal gland is the______, which secretes______. The inner part of the adrenal gland is the_____, which secretes ______.

Describe the components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and explain how it regulates secretion from the adrenal gland.

Which of the following statements about the adrenal medulla is false?

a. Secretion from the adrenal medulla is triggered by ACTH and the sympathetic nervous system.

b. The adrenal medulla consists of glandular epithelial cells.

c. The adrenal medulla is a modified postsynaptic sympathetic ganglion.

d. The products of the adrenal medulla prolong the effects of the sympathetic response.