Textbook Question
Draw the important resonance forms for the following molecules and ions.
(a) CO32–
(b)
(c)
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Ch.1 - Structure and Bonding
Wade9th EditionOrganic ChemistryISBN: 9780135213728
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Structure and Bonding107
- Ch. 2 - Acids and Bases; Functional Groups115
- Ch.3 - Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes100
- Ch.4 - The Study of Chemical Reactions99
- Ch.5 - Stereochemistry93
- Ch.6 - Alkyl Halides; Nucleophilic Substitution118
- Ch. 7 - Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes; Elimination158
- Ch.8 - Reactions of Alkenes171
- Ch.9 - Alkynes91
- Ch.10 - Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols143
- Ch.11 - Reactions of Alcohols104
- Ch. 12 - Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry22
- Ch. 13 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy45
- Ch. 14 - Ethers, Epoxides, and Thioethers72
- Ch. 15 - Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy89
- Ch. 16 - Aromatic Compounds74
- Ch. 17 - Reactions of Aromatic Compounds126
- Ch. 18 - Ketones and Aldehydes193
- Ch. 19 - Amines129
- Ch. 20 - Carboxylic Acids77
- Ch. 21 - Carboxylic Acid Derivatives141
- Ch. 22 - Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds175
- Ch. 23 - Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids93
- Ch. 24 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins54
Chapter 1, Problem 6e-h
Draw Lewis structures for the following compounds and ions, showing appropriate formal charges.
(e) +CH3
(f) –CH3
(g) NaBH4
(h) NaBH3CN
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the concept of Lewis structures. Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist. They help visualize the arrangement of electrons in a molecule.
Step 2: For +CH3 (methyl cation), start by identifying the number of valence electrons. Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and each hydrogen has 1 valence electron. The positive charge indicates a loss of one electron, so the total is 6 valence electrons. Arrange these electrons to form bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms, ensuring carbon has only 3 bonds due to the positive charge.
Step 3: For -CH3 (methyl anion), again identify the number of valence electrons. Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and each hydrogen has 1 valence electron. The negative charge indicates an additional electron, so the total is 8 valence electrons. Arrange these electrons to form bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms, ensuring carbon has a lone pair due to the negative charge.
Step 4: For NaBH4 (sodium borohydride), start by identifying the valence electrons. Sodium (Na) has 1 valence electron, boron (B) has 3 valence electrons, and each hydrogen has 1 valence electron. The compound is neutral, so the total is 8 valence electrons. Arrange these electrons to form bonds between boron and hydrogen atoms, with sodium as a cation separate from the BH4^- anion.
Step 5: For NaBH3CN (sodium cyanoborohydride), identify the valence electrons. Sodium (Na) has 1 valence electron, boron (B) has 3 valence electrons, each hydrogen has 1 valence electron, carbon has 4 valence electrons, and nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. The compound is neutral, so the total is 18 valence electrons. Arrange these electrons to form bonds between boron, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen atoms, with sodium as a cation separate from the BH3CN^- anion.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Lewis Structures
Lewis structures are diagrams that represent the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist. They help visualize the arrangement of electrons in molecules, showing how atoms are connected and the distribution of electrons, including formal charges.
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Guided course
04:12
Drawing the Lewis Structure for N2H4.
Formal Charge
Formal charge is a theoretical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, calculated based on the assumption that electrons in chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms. It helps determine the most stable Lewis structure by ensuring the sum of formal charges equals the overall charge of the molecule or ion.
Recommended video:
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01:34Calculating formal and net charge.
Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are involved in forming chemical bonds. Understanding the number of valence electrons is crucial for drawing Lewis structures, as it dictates how atoms bond and share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations.
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03:40Valence Electrons of Transition Metals
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Use electronegativities to predict the direction of the dipole moments of the following bonds.
(f) N—Cl
(g) N—O
(h) N—S
(i) N—B
(j) B—Cl
2459
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Textbook Question
Draw the important resonance forms for the following molecules and ions.
(d) NO3–
(e) NO2–
(f)
1278
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Textbook Question
Write Lewis structures for the following molecular formulas. Circle any lone pairs (pairs of nonbonding electrons) in the structures.
i. C3H6 (one double bond)
j. C3H4 (two double bonds)
k. C3H4 (one triple bond)
2318
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Textbook Question
Draw Lewis structures for the following compounds.
e. dimethylamine, CH3NHCH3
f. diethyl ether, CH3CH2OCH2CH3
g. 1-chloropropane,CH3CH2CH2Cl
1278
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Textbook Question
Draw Lewis structures for the following compounds and ions, showing appropriate formal charges.
(i) (CH3)2O—BF3
(j) [HONH3]+
(k) KOC(CH3)3
(l) [H2C=OH]+
2250
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