7. The Skeletal System

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. A vertebral disc is composed of an inner anulus fibrosus and an outer nucleus pulposus.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. The posterior projection from a vertebra is the spinous process.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. The sacral, coccygeal, and cervical vertebrae are fused in an adult.

What is the function of the intervertebral discs?

Distinguish between the anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus regions of a disc. Which provides durability and strength? Which provides resilience? Which part is involved in a 'slipped' disc?

List at least two specific anatomical characteristics each for typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae that would allow anyone to identify each type correctly.

Mr. Wright had polio as a boy and was partially paralyzed in one lower limb for over a year. Although no longer paralyzed, he now has a severe lateral curvature of the lumbar spine. Explain what has happened and identify his condition.

Mrs. Dent presents to the clinic with back pain. During the exam, you notice that she has severe kyphosis, and you suspect a vertebral fracture. What specific part of her vertebra is likely to be fractured, considering her deformity? Explain.

How do the atlas (C₁) and the axis (C₂) differ from other cervical vertebrae? How does this difference enable them to perform their functions?

Match the appropriate name with the structure in the figure.

1. Central canal

Transverse foramina are a characteristic of which kind of vertebra?

a. Thoracic

b. Lumbar

c. Sacral

d. Cervical