The following compound has been found to be an inhibitor of penicillinase. The enzyme can be reactivated by hydroxylamine (NH₂OH). Propose a mechanism to account for the reactivation.

Propose a mechanism that accouts for the formation of the product.

Catalytic antibodies catalyze a reaction by forcing the conformation of the substrate in the direction of the transition state. The synthesis of the antibody is carried out in the presence of a transition state analog—a stable molecule that structurally resembles the transition state. This causes an antibody to be generated that recognizes and binds to the transition state, thereby stabilizing it. For example, the following transition state analog has been used to ­generate a catalytic antibody that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the structurally similar ester:

a. Draw a possible transition state for the hydrolysis reaction.