26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Sylvia is suffering from severe edema in her arms and legs. Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that increases the volume of urine produced). Why might this help alleviate Sylvia’s problem?

When ADH levels rise, 

(a) The amount of water reabsorbed increases.

(b) The DCT becomes impermeable to water.

(c) The amount of water reabsorbed decreases.

(d) Sodium ions are exchanged for potassium ions.

In response to excess water in the body, 

(a) Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

(b) The active transport mechanisms in the ascending thick limb of the nephron loop cease functioning.

(c) The permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water is decreased.

(d) The permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop is increased.

(e) The glomerular filtration rate is reduced.

The osmotic concentration of the ECF decreases if an individual gains water without a corresponding:

(a) Gain of electrolytes

(b) Loss of water

(c) Fluid shift from the ECF to the ICF

(d) All of these

Why should a person with a fever drink plenty of fluids?

The primary components of the ECF are:

(a) Lymph and cerebrospinal fluid

(b) Plasma and serous fluids

(c) Interstitial fluid and plasma

(d) All of these

The principal anions in the ICF are:

(a) Phosphate and proteins (Pr⁻)

(b) Phosphate and bicarbonate

(c) Sodium and chloride

(d) Sodium and potassium

Drinking a solution hypotonic to the ECF causes the ECF to:

(a) Increase in volume and become hypertonic to the ICF

(b) Decrease in volume and become hypertonic to the ICF

(c) Decrease in volume and become hypotonic to the ICF

(d) Increase in volume and become hypotonic to the ICF

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor the osmotic concentration of the ECF and secrete _______ in response to higher osmotic concentrations. 

(a) BNP

(b) ANP

(c) aldosterone

(d) ADH

Identify four hormones that mediate major physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance. What are the primary effects of each hormone?

Dan has been lost in the desert for 2 days with very little water. As a result of this exposure, you would expect to observe which of the following? 

(a) Increased ADH levels

(b) Decreased blood osmolarity

(c) Normal urine production

(d) Increased blood volume

(e) Cells enlarged with fluid

Yuka is dehydrated, so her physician prescribes intravenous fluids. The attending nurse becomes distracted and erroneously gives Yuka a hypertonic glucose solution instead of normal saline. What effect will this mistake have on Yuka’s plasma ADH levels and urine volume?